Translating features of Early Modern English in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Macbeth: A comparative case study of three Persian translations

Abstract..………………..……………………..……………………..……..………………..……..i

Table of contents………………………..….…………………..……………………..….………..ii

List of tables……………………………….…..……..……………..………….…….…………..vii

List of figures……………………………..…..……………………..……….……………………..x

1. Introduction………………………………..……………………..……………………………..1

1.1. Background………………………………..……………………..……….………………..2

1.2. Significance of the Study…………………………………..……………………..………..3

1.3. Statement of the problem…………………………………………………….……………..4

1.4. Purpose of the study……………………………………..…………………………..……..4

1.5. Research questions………………………………………..………………………………..5

1.6. Definition of key terms………………………………..………………….………………..5

2. Review of literature………………………………………..……………………..……………..8

2.0. Overview……………………………………..……………………..………….…………..9

2.1. Early Modern English and its importance…………………………………………………..9

2.2. The importance of Shakespeare……………………………………………………….…..10

2.3. Early Modern English and Shakespeare…………………………………………………..12

2.4. Early Modern English in translating Shakespeare………………….……………………..15

2.4.1. Spelling……………………………………..……………………….…………..…..15

2.4.2. Semantics……………………………..……………………..…………………..…..16

2.4.3. Syntax……………………………………..…………………………………………..17

2.4.3.1. Pronouns………………………………..………………………………..……..17

2.4.3.2. Verbs……………………………………..………………..………………..…..19

2.4.3.2.1. Marking tense and number…………………………………………….…..19

2.4.3.2.2. Modal auxiliaries…………………………………………………………..19

2.4.3.2.3. Perfect and progressive forms……………..………………………………20

2.4.3.3. Special structural features…………………………………………………..…..20

2.5. Translating Early Modern English………………………………………………………..21

3. Methodology…………………………………………..………………………………………..23

3.0. Overview………………………………………………..…………………………..……..24

3.1. Materials………………………………………………..………………………….……..24

3.1.1. Source texts………………………………..…………………..……………………..24

3.1.2. Translations………………………………..……………………………..…………..24

3.2. Procedure of data collection and analysis…..……………..………..……………………..25

4. Results………………………………………..……………………..……………………..…..27

4.0. Overview………………………..……………………..…………………………………..28

4.1. Syntactic and semantic features…………………………………………………………..28

4.1.1. Syntax………………………………………..………………………………………..28

4.1.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………….…………………….…32

4.1.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…….………………………36

4.1.2. Semantics………………………………..……………………..…………..………..39

4.2. Translated Works………………………………..…………………………….…………..42

4.2.1. Hamlet…………………………………..………………………………..…………..42

4.2.1.1. MasoudFarzad…………………………..………………………..………..…..42

4.2.1.1.1. Syntax…………………………..…………………………………..……..42

4.2.1.1.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………………………..43

4.2.1.1.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………………..45

4.2.1.1.2. Semantics…………………………………..……………………….……..47

4.2.1.2. Beh-azin……………………………………………………………..…………..49

4.2.1.2.1. Syntax………………………………………………….…………………..49

4.2.1.2.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………………………..50

4.2.1.2.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………………..52

4.2.1.2.2. Semantics…………………………………………………………………..54

4.2.1.3. AlaeddinPazargadi……………………………………………………………..56

4.2.1.3.1. Syntax…………………………………………………………….………..56

4.2.1.3.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………………………..58

4.2.1.3.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………………..59

4.2.1.3.2. Semantics……………..…………………………………………….……..62

4.2.2. Macbeth……………………………………………………………………………….64

4.2.2.1. DariushAshoori……………………………………………..…..……….……..64

4.2.2.1.1. Syntax…………………………………..…………………….…….……..64

4.2.2.1.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………………………..66

4.2.2.1.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives………….…..…..67

4.2.2.1.2. Semantics…………………………….……………………………..……..69

4.2.2.2. Namazi………………………………………………………………..…….…..71

4.2.2.2.1. Syntax………………………………………………………………….…..71

4.2.2.2.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………………………..72

4.2.2.2.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………..….…..74

4.2.2.2.2. Semantics…………………….……….…………………….……………..76

4.2.2.3. AlaeddinPazargadi………………….…………………………………………..78

4.2.2.3.1. Syntax……………………….…………………………….…..…………..78

4.2.2.3.1.1. Special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation………….………..…..80

4.2.2.3.1.2. Second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………..………81

4.2.2.3.2. Semantics………….…………………………….……….………………..84

4.3. General patterns and methods……………………………………………………………..86

4.3.1. Syntax…………………………………………………………………….…………..87

4.3.2. Semantics………………………………………………………………..…………..94

4.3.3. Translations and tendencies………………………………………………..………..97

4.3.3.1. Hamlet………………………………………………………………..….……..97

4.3.3.1.1. Syntax……………………………………………………………….……..97

4.3.3.1.2. Semantics………………………….…………………….………………..100

4.3.3.2. Macbeth……………………………………………………………..…..……..101

4.3.3.2.1. Syntax……………………………………………….……..……………..101

4.3.3.2.2. Semantics……………………………………………….…..…..………..104

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..……..107

5.0. Overview………………………………………………………………………………….108

5.1. Summary of findings………………………………………………………..…….……..108

5.2. Discussion of findings and conclusion…………………………………………………..109

5.3. Implications………………………………………………………………………………111

5.4.Suggestions for further studies…………………………………………………………..111

References……………………..……………………..……………………..…………………..113

List of tables

Table 2.1. Early Modern English pronouns…………………………………….……….………..18

Table 4.1. Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax………………………………………..32

Table 4.2. Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation….…35

Table 4.3. Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives…………37

Table 4.4. Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you…………………………………………..……………………..………………………….…..38

Table 4.5.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics……………………………………..41

Table 4.6. Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Farzad)………………….…………..43

Table 4.7. Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Farzad)………………………………………..………..…..………………………………..…..44

Table 4.8. Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Farzad)……………………………………………………………………………………………46

Table 4.9.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Farzad)………………………………………………………..……………………..…..…..47

Table 4.10.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Farzad)……………………..…..49

Table 4.11. Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Beh-azin)…………………………..50

Table 4.12.Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Beh-azin)………………………………………..………..…………..…………………………..…..52

Table 4.13.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Beh-azin)………………………………………..………………..………………………………..…..53

Table 4.14.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Beh-azin)……………………………………..……………………..………….…………..54

Table 4.15.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Beh-azin)……………..………..56

Table 4.16.Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Pazargadi, Hamlet)……….…….…57

Table 4.17.Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Pazargadi, Hamlet)………………………..…..……………………..……………….…….…..59

Table 4.18.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Pazargadi, Hamlet)………………………………..………………..……………..………..…..61

Table 4.19.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Pazargadi, Hamlet)………………………..……………………..……..…………………..62

Table 4.20.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Pazargadi, Hamlet)…………….64

Table 4.21. Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Ashoori)……………………………65

Table 4.22.Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Ashoori)……………………………………..……………………………..……………..……..67

Table 4.23.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Ashoori)…….………………………..……………………..………………………………..…..68

Table 4.24.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Ashoori)………………………………..……………………..……………………………..69

Table 4.25.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Ashoori)……………..……..…..71

Table 4.26.Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Namazi)……………………..……..72

Table 4.27.Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Namazi)……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..74

Table 4.28.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Namazi)….…………………………..……………………..………………………………..…..75

Table 4.29.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Namazi)…………………………………………..……………………..………………….76

Table 4.30. Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Namazi)………………………..78

Table 4.31.Frequency of patterns of translation in syntax (Pazargadi, Macbeth)……..……..…79

Table 4.32.Frequency of patterns concerning special verb patterns, spelling or conjugation (Pazargadi, Macbeth)…………………………………..……………………..…………………..81

Table 4.33.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns and possessive adjectives (Pazargadi, Macbeth)………………….………..……………………..……………………..…..83

Table 4.34.Frequency of patterns in second person pronouns (plural or formal singular): ye and you (Pazargadi, Macbeth)…………………………………..……………………..……….……..84

Table 4.35.Frequency of patterns of translation in semantics (Pazargadi, Macbeth)……………86

List of figures

Figure 4.1. Pie chart of patterns in syntax……………………………..…………………..……..87

Figure 4.2. Pie chart of patterns in syntax (Hamlet)……………………………..…………..…..88

Figure 4.3. Pie chart of patterns in syntax (Macbeth)………………………………….………..89

Figure 4.4. Pie chart of special verb patterns……………………………………………………..90

Figure 4.5. Pie chart of special verb patterns (Hamlet)…………………………….…..………..91

Figure 4.6. Pie chart of special verb patterns (Macbeth)……………………………….………..92

Figure 4.7. Pie chart of pronoun patterns………………………………………..….…………….93

Figure 4.8. Pie chart of pronoun patterns (Hamlet)………………………..……………………..93

Figure 4.9. Pie chart of pronoun patterns (Macbeth)……………………………………………..94

Figure 4.10. Pie chart of patterns in semantics……………………………………………..……..95

Figure 4.11. Pie chart of patterns in semantics (Hamlet)………………………………………..96

Figure 4.12. Pie chart of patterns in semantics (Macbeth)…………………………..…………..97

Figure 4.13. Stacked column chart of patterns in syntax (Hamlet)……………….……………..98

Figure 4.14.Stacked column chart of special verb patterns (Hamlet)…………………….……..99

Figure 4.15.Stacked column chart of pronoun patterns (Hamlet)……………………………..100

Figure 4.16.Stacked column chart of patterns in semantics (Hamlet)………………………….101

Figure 4.17.Stacked column chart of patterns in syntax (Macbeth)…………..………………..102

Figure 4.18.Stacked column chart of special verb patterns (Macbeth)…………..…..………..103

Figure 4.19.Stacked column chart of pronoun patterns (Macbeth)…………..………………..104

Figure 4.20.Stacked column chart of patterns in semantics (M