The Relationship between Locus of Control, Test Anxiety, and Religious Orientation among EFL Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Dedications.…………………………..………………..….……..IV

Acknowledgements ………………..………  …………..……….V Abstract …………………………………………………………..VI

List of Tables…………………………………………..…………XI

List of Figures ………………………… …….…..…….……….XIII

List of Abbreviations …………………………..…….…………XV

 

Chapter One: Introduction…….…………………….……………1

1.1. Overview …………………………………………..…..………. 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ……….….……………….…….……5

1.3. Objectives of the Study……………………..…..……..………..7

1.4. Significance of the Study………………………….……………..7

1.5. Theoretical Framework of the Study…………………..………..9

1.6. Research Questions……………..……………….….…………..12

1.7. Limitations of the Study……………………..……………..……13

1.8. Definitions of  Key Terms………….  ……….………….…….14

Chapter Two: The Review of Literature……………………….…17

2.1. Introduction ………………………….……..………….….……..17

2.2. Locus of Control…………………………….……….……………17

         2.2.1. Theoretical Background on LOC……………….….……18

          2.2.1.1. Social Learning Theory…………..………….…………19

2.3. Test anxiety……….………………………………….……………24

        2.3.1. Theoretical Background on TA …………    ……………..25

        2.3.1.1. Models of TA……………………..………………..…..26

                 2.3.1.1.1. Cognitive Interference Model…………..…..…26

                 2.3.1.1.2. Study Skill Deficit Model…………………….…31

 2.4. Religious Orientation…..…………………………………………..36

       2.4.1. Theoretical Background on RO……………..……..……..37                2.4.1.1. Components and Modes of Religiosity………………………….41

2.5. Related Literature Review of on LOC, TA, and RO …….………43

        2.5.1. Relationship between LOC and TA………..………..…….45

        2.5.2. Relationship between LOC and RO…………………………..47

        2.5.3. Relationship between RO and TA………………………………..49

        2.5.4. Gender Differences and LOC………….…..….……..…….51

        2.5.5. Gender Differences and TA…………..………..……..….52

        2.5.6. Gender Differences and RO……………………..….……54

               

Chapter Three ……………………….….………….……………….…56

Methodology………………………..………………………………….56

 

3.1. Introduction……………………………………………..….…..56

3.2. Participants……………………………………………………..56

3.3. Instruments………………………………………………………..57

       3.3.1. The locus of control scale……………. …………………..58

       3.3.2. Test anxiety scale ………………………………..………60

       3.3.3. Religious orientation scale………………   …….……61

3.4. Data Collection Procedures……………………………………….63

3.5. Data Analysis Procedures……………………………….………65

Chapter Four: Results and Discussion…………………………..66

4.1. Introduction……………………………..………………………..66

4.2. Descriptive Statistics………………………………..………….66

        4.2.1. Internal-External LOC……………………………..……67

       4.2.2. Test Anxiety……………………………………..……….69

       4.2.3. Intrinsic RO……………. ….………………………………70

       4.2.4. Extrinsic RO……………………………..…………..…….71

       4.2.5. Gender…………………………………………………….72

4.3. Analysis of the Relationship between ILOC and TA…………….73

4.4. Analysis of the Relationship between ELOC and TA……………75

4.5. Analysis of the relationship Between ILOC and IRO…………….76

4.6. Analysis of the Relationship between ELOC and ERO.….…….77

4.7. Analysis of the Relationship between IRO and TA….…………..79

4.8. Analysis of the Relationship between ERO and TA…….………80

4.9. Gender Differences Regarding LOC, TA, and RO……….……..82

         4.9.1. Analysis 1……………………………………………………82

         4.9.2. Analysis 2………….………………………….……..…..83

        4.9.3. Analysis 3……………………..……………………………84

        4.9.4. Analysis 4……………………………………………….….85

        4.9.5. Analysis 5………………………………………………………………….86

Chapter Five: Discussion, Conclusion, and Implication……………………………………………….……….…88

5.1. Introduction……………………………………..……………….88

5.2. Summary of the Study………………….……………….………88

5.3. Discussion…………………………….….…………….……….89

5.4. Implications ………………………………………….….………..95

5.5. Suggestions for Further Research…………..…………….…….98

References …………………………….………….…………………100

Appendix (A) ………………………………………………………..121

Appendix (B) …………………………………………………………124

Appendix (C) ………………………………………………………..126

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

                  Tables                                                                                                Page          

Table 4.1.  Descriptive Statistics………………………….…………..67

Table 4.2. Descriptive Statistic of ILOC………………….…………..68

Table 4.3. Descriptive Statistics on ELOC………………….…………68

Table 4.4. Descriptive Statistics of TA……………………….……….70

Table 4.5. Descriptive Statistics of IRO………………………….……71

Table 4.6. Descriptive Statistics of ERO …………………………………..72

Table 4.7. The Frequency Distribution of the

students’ Gender…………………………………………………………………………..72

Table 4.8. Pearson correlation coefficient

 between ILOC and TA    ……………………………………………………………74

Table 4.9. Pearson correlation coefficient between ELOC and TA………………………………………………………………………75

Table 4.10. Pearson correlation coefficient

between ILOC and IRO…………………………………………………77

Table 4.11. Pearson correlation coefficient

between ELOC and ERO……………………………………………….78

Table 4.12. Pearson correlation coefficient

between IRO and TA……………………………………………………80

Table 4.13. Pearson correlation coefficient

between ERO and TA…………………………………………………..81

Table 4.14.The Statistics of T-test to Compare

 the Means of ILOC Regarding Gender…………………………………………83

Table 4.15. The Statistics of T-test to compare

 the Means of ELOC Regarding Gender………………………………………….84

Table 4.16. The Statistics of T-test to compare

the Means of TA Regarding Gender………………….…….……………85

Table 4.17. The Statistics of T-test to compare

 the Means of IRO Regarding Gender………….…………….…………86

Table 4.18. The Statistics of T-test to compare

the Means of ERO Regarding Gender……………….………………….87

LIST OF FIGURES

    Figures                                                                                                Page

Figure 4.1. Descriptive Statistics of ILOC …………………..……….68

Figure 4.2 Descriptive Statistics of ELOC ……………………………………69

Figure 4.3.Descriptive Statistics of TA…………………..………..…70

Figure 4.4 Descriptive Statistics of IRO…………………….………..71

Figure 4.5 Descriptive Statistics of ERO…………………….……….72

Figure 4.6 The percentage for the Students ‘Gender………………………..73

Figure 4.7 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

 between ILOC and TA……………………………………………………74

Figure 4.8 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

between ELOC and TA ….. ……………………..……………..……..76

Figure 4.9 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

 between ILOC and IRO………………………………..………..………77

Figure 4.10 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

between ELOC and ERO ……………………………………….…………79

Figure 4.11 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

between IRO and TA………………………………….……….………80

Figure 4.12 The Scatter Gram for the Correlation

between ERO and TA…………………………………………………………………82

 

Figure 4.13 Box Plot for Distribution of ILOC

in two groups of males and females…………………………………83

Figure 4.14 Box Plot for Distribution of ELOC

in two groups of males and females…………………………………84

Figure 4.15 Box Plot for Distribution of TA

in two groups of males and females……………………….…………85

Figure 4.16 Box Plot for Distribution of IRO

in two groups of males and females……………………….…………86

Figure 4.17 Box Plot for Distribution of ERO

in two groups of males and females……………………………….…87