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Exploring the Relationship Between Advanced L2 Learners’ Emotional Intelligence and Pragmatic Performance: A Focus on Gender

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English Department

Exploring the Relationship Between Advanced L2 Learners’ Emotional Intelligence and Pragmatic Performance: A Focus on Gender

Abstract

Research on L2 learners’ success at development and appropriate use of pragmatic ability and knowledge has mostly approached the issue from a cognitive or social perspective, and less attention has been devoted to the problem from the equally important emotional or individual-psychological lenses. This study sought to investigate the following issues among 80 advanced EFL learners (32 males and 48 females). Also, Bar-On’s Test of Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Liu’s (2004) Test of Pragmatic Performance were administered to the participants. Striving to find the participants’ EI profiles, first, this study was an attempt to explore the relationship between the participants’ EI (along with its dimensions) and their pragmatic performance by calculating the Pearson product-moment correlation. Second, the possible influence of gender on this association was explored. The results demonstrated that the participants performed better on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and adaptability skills consecutively. Also, the results indicated that there were 3 medium positive correlations between the participants’ intrapersonal, interpersonal, and EI dimensions and their pragmatic performance as well as 2 small positive correlations between the participants’ adaptability and stress management abilities and their pragmatic performance. Also, the females with more EI and intrapersonal skills performed better on the pragmatics test than the males did. The findings suggest that pragmatic development is intricately linked to L2 learners’ affect, subjectivity, and emotions, and that this interplay, in turn, is not immune to the gender influence. The overall findings might be revealing to L2 pedagogy, suggesting the incorporation of L2 learners’ pragmatic performance, EI, and a report of their gender differences into L2 teachers’ programs.

Key Words: Emotional intelligence (EI), Pragmatics, Pragmatic competence, Gender

differences

Table of Contents

Table of Contents                                                                                i

List of Tables                                                                                     iv

List of Figures…………………………………………………………   v

List of Abbreviations                                                                         vi

Abstract                                                                                            vii

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1. Overview                                                                                     1

1.2. Statement of the Problem                                                             4

1.3. Research Questions                                                                      6

1.4. Research Hypotheses                                                                   6

1.5. Significance of the Study                                                             6

1.6. Definition of Key Terms                                                              8

1.6.1. Emotional Intelligence                                                       8

1.6.2. Pragmatics                                                                         8

1.6.3. Pragmatic Competence                                                      9

1.6.4. Gender Differences                                                            9

Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1. Emotional Intelligence                                                                10

       2.1.1. Historical Background of Emotional Intelligence             12

       2.1.2. Importance of Emotional Intelligence……………….                13

       2.1.3. Models of Emotional Intelligence                                              16

                2.1.3.1. Ability-Based Model……………………………..    16

                2.1.3.2. Mixed Models                                                      19

2.2. Pragmatics……………….                                                                   27 2.3. Historical Background of Pragmatics                                                29

2.4. Pragmalinguistics and Sociopragmatics                                     30

2.5. Interlanguage Pragmatics………………………………………… 31

2.6. Speech Act Theory                                                                    32

       2.6.1. Austin’s Model                                                                 33

       2.6.2. Searle’s Model                                                                  34

       2.6.3. Grice’s Model                                                                         35

       2.6.4. Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory                                    37

2.7. Pragmatic Competence                                                                     38

2.8. Importance of Pragmatic Competence                                       39

2.9. Emotional Intelligence and Pragmatic Competence                  41

2.10. Gender Differences                                                                            42

Chapter Three: Methodology

3.1. Participants                                                                                44

3.2. Instruments                                                                                45

3.3. Procedure                                                                                   46

3.4. Data Analysis                                                                            47

Chapter Four: Results

4.1. Restatement of the Problem                                                       49

4.2. Results of Descriptive Statistics of EI                                              50

4.3. Results of the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation for EI and        Pragmatic Performance                                                                    51

4.4. Results of the Independent Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

       for EI and Pragmatic Performance                                                   52

 

Chapter Five: Discussion, Conclusion, Implications,

                                   Limitations, and Suggestions     

5.1. Discussion………………………………………………………..   55

5.2. Conclusion                                                                                61

5.3. Implications of the Study                                                           62

5.4. Limitations of the Study                                                            64

5.5. Suggestions for Further Research                                              65

References                                                                                     67

Appendixes

         Appendix A: Oxford Placement Test (OPT)                                  86

         Appendix B: Bar-On’s EQ-I                                                    93

         Appendix C: Test of Pragmatic Performance                         100 

         Appendix D: Answer Key for Test of Pragmatic Performance 107

 

 

List of Tables

Table 3.1. Advanced EFL Learners’ Information                                        45

Table 4.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Five Dimensions of EI                   50

Table 4.2. Results of the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation for

                 EI (and Its Dimensions) and Pragmatic Performance            51

Table 4.3. Results of the Independent Pearson Product-Moment       Correlation for EI (and Its Dimensions) and Pragmatic Performance                                                                          52

List of Figures

Figure 2.1. A Circular Picture of the Four Branches of EI                     17

Figure 2.2. Grice’s Model……………………………………………   35

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