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دانلود پروژه:مطالعه آزمایشگاهی ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی در مجاورت شیب

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مطالعه آزمایشگاهی ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی در مجاورت شیب

چکیده:

     پی های سطحی به عنوان انتقال دهنده بارهای سازه ای به زمین در میان سازه های ژئوتکنیکی جایگاه ویژه ای دارند. مسأله انتقال بار از سازه به زمین و برآورد بار قابل تحمل خاک، اهمیت موضوع را روشن می سازد. انتقال بار از سازه به زمین لازم است با در نظر گرفتن عدم گسیختگی خاک و رعایت نشست مجاز صورت گیرد. این دو، معیارهای اصلی جهت طراحی یک پی سطحی  می باشد.

    یکی از مسائل ویژه ای که با آن برخورد می شود، قرار گرفتن یک شالوده در کنار یک شیب است. در مناطق شیب دار با گسترش فعالیت های عمرانی و نبود زمین مناسب برای ساخت و ساز، احداث سازه ها بر روی شیب امری اجتناب ناپذیر است. تاثیر وجود شیب در مجاورت شالوده ها بر ظرفیت باربری آنها از جمله مسائل ژئوتکنیک می باشد. تحلیل ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی در مجاورت شیب به عوامل مختلفی بستگی دارد و ارائه تحلیلی که همه پارامترها در آن لحاظ شده باشد کار مشکلی است. با توجه به تاثیر پارامترهای مختلف در ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی و مشکلات موجود در زمینه استفاده از روشهای حل تحلیلی و عددی، اهمیت تحقیقات انجام شده با استفاده از مدلسازی آزمایشگاهی در این زمینه روشن می گردد. روش تحقیق بدین صورت است که یک مدل کوچک مقیاس از یک شیب شیروانی با خاک ماسه ای در آزمایشگاه ساخته می شود و در حالتهای مختلف مورد آزمایش قرار می گیرد و همچنین سعی می گردد که بر روی این مدل پارامترهایی چون زاویه شیب شیروانی و فاصله پی از لبه شیب شیروانی و همچنین تراکم خاک شیب شیروانی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.

کلمات کلیدی: ظرفیت باربری، پی های سطحی، سطح شیبدار، زاویه شیب

فهرست مطالب

فصل اول: مقدمه

1-1-تعریف موضوع

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1

1-2-ضرورت و اهمیت موضوع

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2

1-3- روش تحقیق

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3

1-4-پی های سطحی

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3

         1-4-1-پی های تکی منفرد

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4

         1-4-2-پی های دو ستونی

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5

         1-4-3-پی های نواری

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5

         1-4-4-پی های شبکه ای

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6

         1-4-5-پی های گسترده

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6

فصل دوم: مروری بر ادبیات فنی

2-1-ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9

2-2-انواع گسیختگی خاک زیر پی

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

9

2-3-تشخیص نوع گسیختگی زیر پی

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12

2-4-روشهای حل مساله ظرفیت باربری پی

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

13

         2-4-1-روش تعادل حدی

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13

         2-4-2-روش تحلیل حدی

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

14

         2-4-3-روش خطوط مشخصه

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15

2-5-تاریخچه تحقیقات انجام شده

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

16

2-6-مقایسه نتایج تحقیقات انجام شده

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

24

2-7-روشهای رایج تعیین ظرفیت باربری پی

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

26

         2-7-1-مایرهوف 1963

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

26

         2-7-2-هانسن 1970

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

27

         2-7-3-وسیک 1973

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

27

فصل سوم: ظرفیت باربری پی واقع در مجاورت شیب

3-1-ظرفیت باربری پی واقع در مجاورت شیب ها

…………………………………………………………………………………..

28

           3-1-1-تحلیل مایرهوف 1957

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

28

           3-1-2-تحلیل هانسن 1970

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

35

           3-1-3-تحلیل وسیک1975

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

35

           3-1-4-تحلیل ساران و همکاران 1989

………………………………………………………………………………………

36

           3-1-5-تحلیل ژیرو و همکاران 1971

………………………………………………………………………………………….

37

           3-1–6تحلیل کوزاکابه 1981

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

37

           3-1-7-تحلیل ناریتا و یاماکوچی 1990

………………………………………………………………………………………

38

3-2-تحلیل سه بعدی پایداری شیروانی

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

40

           (3-2-1)روشهای تحلیل سه بعدی پایداری شیروانی مبتنی بر تعادل حدی

……………………………….

40

3-3-بررسی تجربی ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی در مجاورت شیب

………………………………………………..

43

           3-3-1-چونگ سیک یو 2001

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

43

           3-3-2-مصطفی و همکاران 2006

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

45

           3-3-3-عالمشاهی و همکاران 2008

………………………………………………………………………………………….

47

           3-3-4-برانس بای 2008

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

51

           3-3-5-چوداری و همکاران 2009

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

54

فصل چهارم: مطالعه آزمایشگاهی ظرفیت باربری پی های سطحی مجاور شیب

4-1-مقدمه

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

56

4-2-مشخصات فیزیکی و مقاومتی خاک مورد آزمایش

………………………………………………………………………….

57

4-3-شرح دستگاههای انجام آزمایش

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

60

           4-3-1-جعبه آزمایش

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

60

           4-3-2-دستگاه بارگذاری بر روی مدل

………………………………………………………………………………………

61

           4-3-3-نحوه اندازه گیری تغییر مکان و نیرو

………………………………………………………………………………..

62

4-4-روش تهیه نمونه جهت آزمایش

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

63

4-5-نتایج آزمایشات

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

66

           4-5-1-نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%30 و زاویه شیب 30 درجه

……………………………………………

66

           4-5-2-نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%30 و زاویه شیب 60 درجه

…………………………………………….

70

           4-5-3-نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%50 و زاویه شیب 30 درجه

…………………………………………….

73

           4-5-4-نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%50 و زاویه شیب 60 درجه

…………………………………………….

77

           4-5-5-نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%70 و زاویه شیب 30 درجه

…………………………………………….

80

           4-5-6- نتایج آزمایشات مدل با تراکم%70 و زاویه شیب 60درجه

…………………………………………….

84

4-6-بررسی نتایج آزمایشات

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

88

           4-6-1-اثر فاصله پی از لبه شیب بر ظرفیت باربری نهایی پی

…………………………………………………..

88

           4-6-2-اثر تراکم نسبی خاک(Dr%) بر ظرفیت باربری نهایی پی

………………………………………………..

91

           4-6-3-اثر زاویه شیب بر ظرفیت باربری نهایی پی

………………………………………………………………………

94

فصل پنجم:نتیجه گیری و پیشنهاد

5-1-مقدمه

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

96

5-2-نتایج اصلی تحقیق

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

97

5-3-منابع ایجاد خطا

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

99

5-3-پیشنهادات برای ادامه کار

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

100

منابع

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

101

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    1-800-GOT-JUNK? does not offer moving services. However, the company is a great option for pre-move and post-move cleanups. Instead of hauling all those empty boxes, piles of packing peanuts, and sheets of bubble wrap to the dump, you can hire 1-800-GOT-JUNK? to come take it off your hands. Schick said that 80 to 90 percent of his sales come from the 1-800-GOT-JUNK phone number which is serviced by call center personnel. They provide potential customers with information and rates, close sales and book pickups according to the franchisee’s zip codes, and schedule the job. There’s also an online booking engine where people can book jobs at any time. The balance of Schick’s sales comes from repeat customers who call the franchise directly, or from referrals from their corporate national accounts department. He has a local sales person who follows up on national leads. Seventy-five percent of his sales are residential, with the balance commercial.

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