Table of Contents

      Title                                                                                                                    Page

Dedication…………………………………………………………………….…….…..i

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….…ii

Tables of Contents……………………………………………………………………..iii

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………vii

List of Figures………………………………………………………………………..viii

List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….ix

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..x

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.0. Introduction……………………………………………………….………….…….1

1.1. Statement of the Problem………………………………………….……………..…3

1.2. Significance of the Study………………………………………….……………..…7

1.3. Purpose of the Study…………………………………………….….………………8

1.4. Research Questions of the Study………………………………….………….…..10

1.5. Hypotheses of the Study…………………………………….……………………..10

1.6. Definitions of Key Terms…………………….……………………………….….10

1.7. Summary………………………………………….………………………….……12

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.0. Introduction…………………………………….………………………….….….13

2.1. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………….……………..15

     2.1.1. Cognitive and Sociocognitive Approach……………………………………..15

     2.1.2. Theory of Reasoned Actions……………………………….………………..17

     2.1.3. Activity Theory Approach…………………………………………….……..18

2.2. Motivation for Empirical Research……………………………………………….20

2.3. Research on Dictionary Use………………………………………….…………….22

2.4. Research on Electronic Dictionary Use……………………………….………….26

2.5. Variables in the Use of Second Language Dictionaries……………………….….28

2.6. Technology and Language Learning………………………………………………..30

     2.6.1. How Technology Supports Language Learning Environment…………..….32

          2.6.1.1. Provide Interaction and Communicative Activities……….……….….32

          2.6.1.2. Supply Comprehensible Input……………………………………..…..33

          2.6.1.3. Facilitate Focused Development of Language Skills……………………34

          2.6.1.4. Meet Affective Needs of Student………………………………………35

          2.6.1.5. Foster Understanding the Target and Native Cultures…………..….…35

     2.6.2. Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)………………….….….….36

     2.6.3. Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL)…………………….……..…39

          2.6.3.1. Mobile Learning……………………………………………….………..41

               2.6.3.1.1. The Role of Mobiles in Improving Access to Education…………43

               2.6.3.1.2. The Roles of Mobiles in Promoting New Learning……………..…45

     2.6.4. Mobile and Electronic Dictionary………………………………………..…..47

     2.6.5. Advantages ……………………………….……………………….………….49

     2.6.6. Disadvantages………………………………………………………….……52

2.7. Vocabulary Learning ………………………………………………………..……55

2.8. Dictionary and Vocabulary Recall and Use………………..………………..……58

     2.8.1. Dictionary strategies…………………………………………….…….…….62

2.9. Summary…………………………………………………………………….……64

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………….……..….66

3.1. The Design of the Study…………………………………………….………..…..67

3.2. Participants……………………………………………………….………………67

3.3. Materials……………………………………………………….…………………68

     3.3.1. Instructional Materials……………………….………………………………68

     3.3.2. Testing Materials……………………………………………………………68

3.4. Procedure…………………………………………………………………………69

3.5. Methods of Analyzing Data………………………………………………………71

3.6. Summary………………………………………………………………….………72

Chapter 4: Result

4.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………73

4.1. Data Analysis and Findings………………………………………………………73

     4.1.1. Descriptive Analysis of the Data……………………………………………74

     4.1.2. Inferential Analysis of the Data………………………………….………….75

4.2. Results of Hypothesis Testing…………………………………………….………80

4.3. Summary…………………………………………………………………….……83

Chapter 5: Discussion

5.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…..84

5.1. General Discussion……………………………………….…………………….…84

5.2. Implications of the Study………………………………….………………………87

5.3. Limitations of the Study…………………………………….………….…..….…88

5.4. Recommendations for Further Research………………………….………………88

5.5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..….89

References…………………………………………………………….………………90

Appendices……………………………………………………………………………110

List of Tables

Table 4.1 Descriptive analysis of the pretest of the groups of the study………………75

Table 4.2 Descriptive analysis of the posttest of the groups of the study……………..76

Table 4.3 Independents samples T-test results of the study…………………………..76

Table 4.4 Pearson correlation results between the pretest and the posttest of the experimental group of the study……………………………………………………….77

Table 4.5 Pearson correlation results between the pretest and the posttest of the control group of the study………………………………………………………………….….78

Table 4.6 Recall statistics results for groups of the study………………………….…79

Table A1 Categories and vocabularies of the study…………………………………117

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 A framework for analyzing mobile learning based on activity theory…….21

Figure 3.1 Procedure of the study…………………………………………………….69

Figure 4.1 Recall time results…………………………………………………….……80

Figure 4.2 Recalled vocabulary results……………………………………………….81

List of Abbreviations

L1: First Language

L2: Second Language

ESL: English as a second language

EFL: English as a foreign language

OPT: Oxford Placement Test

PD: Paper Dictionary

ED: Electronic Dictionary

PED: Pocket Electronic Dictionaries

OTID: Online Type-in Dictionaries

MD: Mobile Dictionary

MALL: Mobile Assisted Language Learning

CALL: Computer Assisted Language Learning

CALI: Computer-Assisted Language Instruction

CMC: Computer-Mediated Communication

SMS: Sending Text Messages

TRA: Theory of Reasoned Action

BI: Behavioral Intention

A: Attitude

SN: Subjective Norm

ICT: Information and Communication Technology