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A Comparative Corpus Study of the Frequency of Lexical Collocations in College Writing Textbook and Iranian EFL learners

Name: A Comparative Corpus Study of the Frequency of Lexical Collocations in College Writing Textbook and Iranian EFL learners
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تعداد125 صفحه در فایل word

master of Art (MA) in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

A Comparative Corpus Study of the Frequency of Lexical Collocations in College Writing Textbook and Iranian EFL learners

Keywords: corpus-based study, lexical collocation instruction, real language use, comparing frequency information

Abstract:

Teachers and researchers have noted that English language learners face many challenges with the kinds of writing required in college coursework, yet writing is a necessary skill for achieving success in college and in a career. A fundamental part of learning to write for academic purposes is becoming familiar with collocations. This research attempted to find the frequency of the use of subtypes of collocations in texts provided by a group of Iranian EFL learners and their university course book. Then, their frequencies were compared to each other and also to their frequencies in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA corpus). The intention was to find out if their frequency distributions were identical with the authentic use of language. For the purpose of study all items of lexical collocations from the learner corpus and the book. The corpora were compared by wilcoxon matched-pair, signed rank test. The results indicated that the most problematic aspect of students’ use was that they did not produce adequate number of the highly used lexical collocations. Their writing textbook in addition to ignoring this aspect, did not contain enough items and tokens of lexical collocations. It also revealed that the use of adjective+noun and verb+noun collocations were higher than other subtypes of lexical collocations. It also revealed that implicit learning is not adequate for improving the collocational competence of EFL learners.

دسته: زبان شناسی, علوم انسانی برچسب: comparing frequency information, Keywords: corpus-based study, lexical collocation instruction, real language use

توضیحات

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1 Chapter 1-Introduction

1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

2 1.2. Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………..

3 1.3. Objective of the Study……………………………………………………………………..

9 1.4. Research Questions………………………………………………………………………….

12 1.5. Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………….

12 1.6. Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………………..

16 1.6.1. Collocations…………………………………………………………………………

16 1.6.2. Corpus linguistics…………………………………………………………………

17 1.6.3. Corpus………………………………………………………………………………..

17 1.6.4. Lemma………………………………………………………………………………..

19 1.6.5. Type and token…………………………………………………………………….

19 1.6.6. Type-token ratio…………………………………………………………………..

19 Chapter 2- Review of the Related Literature

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..

21 2.2. Corpus Linguistics…………………………………………………………………………..

23 2.2.1. Characteristics of corpus-based studies……………………………………

23 2.2.2. History of corpus linguistics…………………………………………………..

24 2.3. Collocations……………………………………………………………………………………

27 2.3.1. Importance of collocations in language learning………………………

27 2.3.2. Definitions and categorizations of collocations………………………..

31 2.4. Relevant studies on collocations………………………………………………………..

42 2.4.1. Collocations as a source of difficulty for EFL learners………………

42 2.4.2. Collocations and corpus studies……………………………………………..

46 2.4.3. Frequency effect of collocations…………………………………………….

50 2.4.4. Role of collocations in English textbooks………………………………..

53 2.4.5. The relation between EFL learners’ use of lexical collocation and their Writing skill…………………………………………………………………….

54 2.5. Empirical Studies on Collocational Knowledge of Iranian Learners……………………………………………………………………………………………….

57 Chapter 3- Methodology

3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

66 3.2. Study Setting and Participants…………………………………………………………..

67 3.3. Design……………………………………………………………………………………………

68 3.4. Materials………………………………………………………………………………………..

69 3.4.1. College writing textbook……………………………………………………….

69 3.5. Tools……………………………………………………………………………………………..

71 3.5.1. Corpora……………………………………………………………………………….

71 3.5.1.1. Corpus of contemporary American English…………………….

71 3.5.1.2. Learner corpus……………………………………………………………

72 3.5.2. Collocation dictionaries…………………………………………………………

74 3.5.2.1. Oxford collocations dictionary………………………………………

75 3.5.2.2. BBI combinatory dictionary of English…………………………..

75 3.6. Procedure……………………………………………………………………………………….

75 3.6.1. Data collection procedure………………………………………………………

76 3.6.2. Data analysis procedure…………………………………………………………

79 3.6.2.1. Identification of collocations…………………………………………

80 3.6.2.2. Comparison of collocations………………………………………….

81 3.6.2.3. type-token ratio…………………………………………………………..

82 Chapter 4- Results and Discussions

4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

85 4.2. Descriptive Statistics of Frequency Distribution of the Subtypes of Lexical Collocations………………………………………………………………………………

86 4.2.1. Descriptive statistics of lexical collocations used by the learners………………………………………………………………………………………..

86 4.2.2. Descriptive statistics of lexical collocations presented in the textbook……………………………………………………………………………………….

89 4.3. Inferential Statistics for Comparing the Frequency Counts of Lexical Collocations………………………………………………………………………………………….

91 4.3.1. Test statistics for comparing data between the learner corpus and textbook……………………………………………………………………………………….

92 4.3.2. Test statistics for comparing the obtained data from COCA corpus with learner corpus……………………………………………………………..

93 4.3.3. Test statistics for comparing the obtained data from COCA corpus with the textbook………………………………………………………………..

94 Chapter 5- Conclusions and Suggestions

5.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

96 5.2. Conclusions and suggestions…………………………………………………………….

97 5.2.1. Conclusions and suggestions based on the tables on the use of lexical collocations………………………………………………………………………..

97 5.2.2. Conclusions and suggestions based on the result of the frequency effect of lexical collocations…………………………………………………………..

100 5.2.3. Conclusions and suggestions based on the tests that involved comparing the corpora……………………………………………………………………

100 5.3. Limitations of the Study…………………………………………………………………..

101 5.4. Suggestions for Further Studies…………………………………………………………

102 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

List of Tables

Table 4.1.Frequency distribution for subtypes of lexical collocations used by learners………………………………………………………………………………………………….	87
Table 4.2. Frequency distribution for subtypes of lexical collocations used in book………………………………………………………………………………………………………………	89
Table 4.3. Test statistics for wilcoxon test for comparison of collocational frequency used by the book and learners…………………………………………………………………..	92
Table 4.4. Test statistics for wilcoxon test for comparison of collocational frequency used in corpus and by learners………………………………………………………………….	93
Table 4.5. Test statistics for wilcoxon test for comparison of collocational frequency used in corpus and by textbook………………………………………………………………….	94

103

A Comparative Corpus Study of the Frequency of Lexical Collocations in College Writing Textbook and Iranian EFL learners

تعداد125 صفحه در فایل word

master of Art (MA) in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

A Comparative Corpus Study of the Frequency of Lexical Collocations in College Writing Textbook and Iranian EFL learners

Keywords: corpus-based study, lexical collocation instruction, real language use, comparing frequency information

Abstract:

Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1

Chapter 1-Introduction

1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

2

1.2. Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………..

3

1.3. Objective of the Study……………………………………………………………………..

9

1.4. Research Questions………………………………………………………………………….

12

1.5. Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………….

12

1.6. Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………………..

16

1.6.1. Collocations…………………………………………………………………………

16

1.6.2. Corpus linguistics…………………………………………………………………

17

1.6.3. Corpus………………………………………………………………………………..

17

1.6.4. Lemma………………………………………………………………………………..

19

1.6.5. Type and token…………………………………………………………………….

19

1.6.6. Type-token ratio…………………………………………………………………..

19

Chapter 2- Review of the Related Literature

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..

21

2.2. Corpus Linguistics…………………………………………………………………………..

23

2.2.1. Characteristics of corpus-based studies……………………………………

23

2.2.2. History of corpus linguistics…………………………………………………..

24

2.3. Collocations……………………………………………………………………………………

27

2.3.1. Importance of collocations in language learning………………………

27

2.3.2. Definitions and categorizations of collocations………………………..

31

2.4. Relevant studies on collocations………………………………………………………..

42

2.4.1. Collocations as a source of difficulty for EFL learners………………

42

2.4.2. Collocations and corpus studies……………………………………………..

46

2.4.3. Frequency effect of collocations…………………………………………….

50

2.4.4. Role of collocations in English textbooks………………………………..

53

2.4.5. The relation between EFL learners’ use of lexical collocation and their Writing skill…………………………………………………………………….

54

2.5. Empirical Studies on Collocational Knowledge of Iranian Learners……………………………………………………………………………………………….

57

Chapter 3- Methodology

3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….

66

3.2. Study Setting and Participants…………………………………………………………..

67

3.3. Design……………………………………………………………………………………………

68

3.4. Materials………………………………………………………………………………………..

69

3.4.1. College writing textbook……………………………………………………….

69

3.5. Tools……………………………………………………………………………………………..

71

3.5.1. Corpora……………………………………………………………………………….

71

3.5.1.1. Corpus of contemporary American English…………………….

71