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دانلود پروژه:تهيه فيلم پليمري ضد باكتري از پروتئين آب پنير و نانورس براي بسته بندي مواد غذايي

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تهيه­ فيلم پليمري ضد باكتري از پروتئين آب پنير و نانورس براي بسته­بندي مواد غذايي

چکیده

بسته­بندی­های پلاستیکی مواد غذایی که به سهولت در طبیعت تجزیه نمی­شوند، سبب بروز آلودگی­های بسیاری در محیط زیست شده­اند. بسته­بندی­های خوراکی و ضدباکتری به دلیل نداشتن ضایعات زیست­­محیطی و افزایش عمر نگهداری مواد غذایی در سال­های اخیر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته­اند. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا با تهیه فیلم خوراکی و ضدباکتری از پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین و عصاره طبیعی پوست پرتقال، خواص فیزیکی، مکانیکی، زیستی و ساختاری آن بررسی شود.

در مرحله اول، فیلم ترکیبی پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین  با مقادیر 4/0، 1، 5/1، 2 و 5/2 درصدِ وزنی ژلاتین به حجم محلول تهیه شد و بر اساس خواص مکانیکی برای فیلم پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین، نمونه حاوی 2 درصد وزنی ژلاتین (WG) به عنوان ترکیب بهینه انتخاب شد. سپس این نمونه تحت آزمون­های تعیین خواص فیزیکی قرار گرفت و به عنوان نمونه شاهد، در تحلیل نتایج مراحل بعدی پژوهش استفاده شد. در مرحله دوم، اثر افزودن نانوذرات رس بر خواص نانوکامپوزیت­های پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین/ نانورس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور مقادیر 1، 3 و 5 درصد وزنی نانورس/ وزن خشک پروتئین آب پنیر، به ترکیب نمونه (WG) اضافه شد. آزمون پراش پرتو ایکس، ساختار ورقه­ای را در نمونه­ها تایید کرد. بر اساس نتایج آزمون­های خواص فیزیکی و مکانیکی، نمونه حاوی 5 درصد نانورس (WGN5) به عنوان نمونه بهینه در این مرحله انتخاب شد. در مرحله سوم، پس از تهیه عصاره طبیعی پوست پرتقال، سه مقدار 7، 14 و 21 درصد حجمیِ عصاره/ حجم محلول به ترکیب نمونه (WGN5) اضافه شد. بر اساس آزمون­های خواص زیستی و مکانیکی، نمونه حاوی 21 درصد عصاره پوست پرتقال به عنوان نمونه بهینه این مرحله انتخاب شد (WGN5-4.2) و سپس آزمون­های تعیین ریزساختار، فیزیکی و تخریب زیستی، بر روی آن انجام شد. در این مرحله ماده شبکه­کننده تری­پلی­فسفات به مقدار 75/0 درصد وزنی تری پلی فسفات/ حجم محلول، به ترکیب نمونه (WGN5-4.2) اضافه شد تا تاثیر این ماده بر خواص بررسی شود. سپس مرفولوژی نمونه­های بهینه هر مرحله، با میکروسکوپ الکترونی پویشی نشر میدانی بررسی شد. اندازه­گیری  pH نمونه­های دارای عصاره پوست پرتقال نشان داد pH آن­ها نزدیک به حالت خنثی است. با توجه به خواص فیزیکی، مکانیکی و زیستی مطلوب، نمونه (WGN5-4.2) به عنوان مطلوب­ترین نمونه برای استفاده در مصارف بسته­بندی خوراکی ضدباکتری مناسب تشخیص داده­شد.

واژه­های کلیدی: بسته ­بندی خوراکی، ضد باکتری، پروتئین آب پنیر، ژلاتین، عصاره، زیست ­تخریب­ پذیر.

فهرست مطالب

عنوان

صفحه

فهرست جدول­ها ‌د

فهرست شکل­ها ‌ه

فصل اول: نظری1

1-1 مقدمه. 2

1-2  بسته­بندی ضد باکتری.. 2

1-2-1 ساز و کار عملکرد ضد باکتری عصاره­ها 3

1-2-1-1 انواع باکتری.. 4

1-2-2 عصاره پوست پرتقال.. 5

1-3  بسته­بندی­های زیستی ضد باکتری.. 5

1-3-1 پروتئین آب پنیر. 6

1-3-2 ژلاتین.. 8

1-3-3 تری پلی فسفات9

1-3-4 نانورس…. 9

1-4  مروری بر ادبیات تحقیق9

1-4-1 فیلم­های  بر پایه پروتئین آب پنیر. 9

1-4-2 فیلم­های بر پایه پروتئین آب پنیر/ نانورس…. 10

1-4-3 فیلم­های ضد باکتری بر پایه پروتئین آب پنیر. 12

1-5  مساله تحقیق.. 13

1-6  فرضیه و رویکرد. 14

فصل دوم: تجربی15

2-1  مواد. 16

2-2  تجهیزات… 17

2-3  روش­ها 18

2-3-1تهیه نمونه­ها 18

2-3-2آزمون­های تعیین ریزساختار 23

2-3-2-1آزمون پراش پرتو ایکس…. 23

2-3-2-2 آزمون طیف نمایی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه. 23

2-3-3آزمون­های تعیین خواص فیزیکی و مکانیکی.. 23

2-3-3-1 آزمون اندازه­گیری ضخامت… 23

2-3-3-2 آزمون کشش…. 24

2-3-3-3 آزمون اسپکتروفوتومتری.. 24

2-3-3-4 آزمون نفوذپذیری رطوبت… 24

2-3-3-5 آزمون جذب رطوبت… 25

2-3-3-6 آزمون انحلال­پذیری.. 25

2-3-3-7 آزمون اندازه­گیری محتوای رطوبت… 25

2-3-4آزمون­های زیستی.. 26

2-3-4-1 آزمون بررسی خاصیت ضد باکتری به روش ( AATCC 100) 26

2-3-4-2 آزمون زیست­تخریب­پذیری.. 27

2-3-4-3 اندازه­گیری pH… 27

2-3-4-4 تحلیل آماری.. 27

فصل سوم: نتایج و بحث…. 28

3-1  مقدمه. 29

3-2  تهیه آمیخته پروتئین آب پنیر و ژلاتین(مرحله اول) 30

3-2-1 اندازه­گیری ضخامت… 30

3-2-2 خواص مکانیکی.. 30

3-3  تهیه نانوکامپوزیت با افزودن سه درصد مختلف نانورس (مرحله ب) 32

3-3-1 آزمون پراش اشعه ایکس…. 32

3-3-2 آزمون خواص مکانیکی.. 34

3-3-3 آزمون نفوذپذیری بخار آب… 35

3-3-4 آزمون جذب رطوبت… 36

3-4  تهیه نانوکامپوزیت با افزودن سه مقدار مختلف از عصاره پوست پرتقال (مرحله ج) 37

3-4-1 آزمون خواص ضد باکتری.. 37

3-4-2 آزمون خواص مکانیکی.. 39

3-4-3 آزمون طیف نمایی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه. 41

3-4-4 آزمون اسپکتروفوتومتری.. 42

3-4-5 آزمون انحلال­پذیری.. 43

3-4-6 آزمون اندازه­گیری محتوای رطوبت… 44

3-4-7 آزمون سنجش pH… 45

3-4-8 آزمون زیست­تخریب­پذیری.. 46

فصل چهارم: نتیجه­گیری و پیشنهادها 48

4-1  نتیجه­گیری.. 49

4-2  پیشنهادها 51

مراجع.. 52

پیوست­ها 56

واژه­نامه. 69

فهرست جدول­ها

عنوان                                                                                                                             صفحه

جدول ‏1‑1 ویژگی­های لیمونن.. 5

جدول ‏1‑ 2 ترکیب آمینو اسیدی کلاژن و ژلاتین.. 8

جدول ‏2‑1 خصوصیات مواد مورد استفاده در مراحل آزمایشگاهی. 16

جدول ‏2‑2 تجهیزات استفاده شده برای انجام آزمایش­ها. 17

جدول ‏2‑3  نام و خصوصیات نمونه­های تهیه شده در مراحل مختلف آزمایش. 19

جدول ‏2‑4 فرایندهای متفاوت برای به­دست­آوردن نمونه نانوکامپوزیت. 20

جدول ‏3‑1 اثر افزودن نانورس بر خواص مکانیکی. 35

جدول ‏3‑2 نفوذپذیری بخار آب در پژوهش حاضر و مراجع. 36

جدول ‏3‑3 درصد جذب رطوبت در نمونه­های دارای نانورس…. 37

جدول ‏3‑4 خواص ضد باکتری نانوکامپوزیت­های دارای عصاره پوست پرتقال.. 38

جدول ‏3‑5 مقایسه شفافیت در پژوهش حاضر و مراجع.. 43

جدول ‏3‑6 درصد انحلال­پذیری در آب همه نمونه­های فیلم خوراکی.. 44

جدول ‏3‑7 محتوای رطوبت نانوکامپوزیت­های دارای عصاره پوست پرتقال.. 45

جدول ‏3‑8  pH نمونه­های دارای عصاره پوست پرتقال. 45

جدول ‏3‑9 کاهش وزن نمونه WGN5. 46

فهرست شکل­ها

عنوان                                                                                                                                صفحه

شکل ‏1‑1 سلول باکتری و نقاط اثرِ ساز و کارهای عملکرد ضد باکتری.. 3

شکل ‏1‑2 ساختار دیواره سلولی.. 4

شکل ‏2‑1 طرحواره مراحل انجام پژوهش…. 22

شکل ‏3‑1 ضخامت نمونه­های فیلم تهیه­شده از پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین.. 31

شکل ‏3‑2 خواص مکانیکی فیلم­های ساخته شده از پروتئین آب پنیر و ژلاتین.. 32

شکل ‏3‑3 منحنی پراش اشعه ایکس نانورس خالص…. 33

شکل ‏3‑4 منحنی پراش اشعه ایکس برای فرایند مرحله چهارم با نانورس کلوزیت  30B. 33

شکل ‏3‑5 منحنی پراش اشعه ایکس برای فرایند مرحله چهارم با نانورس مونت­موریلونیتNa+. 34

شکل ‏3‑6 خواص مکانیکی فیلم­های پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین/ سه درصد مختلف نانورس…. 38

شکل ‏3‑7 کلنی­های E.coli در آزمون خواص ضد باکتری برای نمونه WGN5-4.2. 39

شکل ‏3‑8 خواص مکانیکی فیلم­های پروتئین آب پنیر/ ژلاتین/ سه مقدار مختلف عصاره. 40

شکل ‏3‑9 ساختار  آمینواسید. الف) قبل، ب) بعد از انتقال درون مولکولی. 40

شکل ‏3‑10 واکنش مولکول آمینواسید در محیط اسیدی. 41

شکل ‏3‑11 شبکه­ای شدن یونی آمینواسید و TPP در محیط اسیدی. 42

شکل ‏3‑12 طیف FTIR مربوط به WGN5 و   WGN5-4.2و عصاره پوست پرتقال . 45

شکل ‏3‑13 تجزیه WGN5 پس از زمان، الف)صفر، ب)یک هفته، ج)دو هفته، د) سه هفته. 47

شکل ‏3‑14 تجزیه WGN5-4.2-TPP پس از زمان، الف) یک هفته، ب) دو هفته. 47

 

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