فهرست مطالب
عنوان |
صفحه |
فصل1. 1
کلیات 1
1-1. بخش اول.. 2
1-1-1. مقدمه. 2
1-1-2. دلیل انتخاب ژنوم میتوکندری… 2
1-1-3. مدل های پراکندگی جغرافیایی ژنوم میتوکندری… 3
1-2. بخش دوم: میتوکندری… 7
1-2-1. تاریخچه میتوکندری… 7
1-2-2. منشا و تکامل میتوکندری… 8
1-2-3. میتوکندری حاصل یک رویداد درون همزیستی… 8
1-2-4. ساختمان میتوکندری… 9
1-2-5. اندازه و شکل میتوکندری… 11
1-2-6. ژنوم میتوکندری… 12
1-2-7. وراثت مادری… 14
1-2-8. ژن های میتوکندریایی… 14
1-2-9. هماهنگی بین ژنوم میتوکندری و هسته. 16
1-2-10. همانندسازی ژنوم میتوکندری… 17
1-2-11. رونویسی و ترجمه ژنوم میتوکندری… 18
1-2-12. نقش زیستی میتوکندری… 18
1-2-13. هتروپلاسمی و هوموپلاسمی… 22
1-2-14. بیماری های ژنتیکی میتوکندریایی… 23
1-3. بخش سوم: هاپلوگروپ وهاپلوتایپ…. 24
1-3-1 تعریف هاپلوگروپ و هاپلوتایپ…. 24
1-3-2. طریقه نام گذاری و شکل گیری هاپلوگروپ…. 25
1-3-3. Mitochondria Eve. 27
1-3-4. Seven Daughters of Eve. 27
1-3-5. تعیین هاپلوگروپ ها 30
1-4. بخش چهارم: معرفی استان ها 35
1-4-1. استان کردستان.. 35
1-4-2. استان کرمانشاه 36
1-4-3. استان یَزد. 38
1-5. بخش پنجم: طرح پیشنهاده 41
1-5-1. طرح موضوع.. 41
1-5-2. بیان مسئله. 41
1-5-3. ضرورت انجام تحقیق.. 43
1-5-4. اهداف پژوهش….. 44
1-5-5. سوالات…. 44
1-5-6. فرضیه ها 44
1-5-7. تعاریف واژه 44
فصل2 45
مروري بر منابع مطالعاتي 45
فصل3 50
مواد و روش ها 50
3-1 نمونه گیری… 51
3-2 استخراج DNA به روش نمک اشباع.. 51
3-3. آماده سازی نمونه ها جهت انجام PCR.. 53
3-3-1 رسوب گذاری با اتانول.. 53
3-3-2. تعیین غلظت و کیفیت DNA توسط دستگاه Nanodrop. 54
3-4 واکنش زنجیره ای پلی مراز (PCR). 54
3-4-1. مواد مورد نیاز برای آزمایش PCR.. 54
3-4-2. توالی پرایمرها 55
3-4-3. شرایط بهینه شده برای PCR.. 55
3-4-4 الکتروفورز ژل آگارز به منظور بررسی کیفی محصول PCR.. 56
3-5. آماده سازی نمونه ها جهت توالی یابی… 57
3-6 روش RFLP.. 58
3-6-1 ترکیبات لازم جهت انجام RFLP.. 58
3-6-2. روش انجام RFLP.. 59
3-7. الکتروفورز ژل پلی اکریل آمید. 60
3-7-1. مواد و محلول های مورد نیاز جهت الکتروفورز ژل پلی اکریل آمید.. 60
3-7-2. روش تهیه ژل پلی اکریل آمید.. 61
3-7-3. بار گذاری نمونه ها روی ژل پلی اکریل آمید.. 61
3-8. رنگ آمیزی ژل پلی اکریل آمید.. 61
3-8-1. محلول های مورد نیاز جهت رنگ آمیزی ژل پلی اکریل آمید.. 61
فصل4 63
یافته ها 63
4-1. توالی یابی نمونه های مورد مطالعه. 64
4-2. هاپلوگروپ های تعیین شده در استان یزد. 65
4-3. هاپلوگروپ های تعیین شده در قوم کرد. 72
4-4. فراوانی هاپلوگروپ ها در جمعیت های مورد مطالعه. 77
فصل5 79
بحث 79
5-1. مقدمه. 85
5-2. مقایسه جمعیت های ایرانی… 87
5-3. مقایسه تغییرات نوکلوتیدی در جمعیت ها 88
5-4. مقایسه فراوانی هاپلو گروپ های جمعیت های مورد مطالعه و ایران.. 89
5-5. مقایسه نمونه های مورد مطالعه با کشور های مجاور. 90
5-6 مقایسه با کشورهای جهان.. 92
5-7. مقایسه هاپلوگروپ ها در جمعیت های مورد مطالعه. 93
5-8. درخت فیلوژنتیک قوم یزد. 95
5-9. درخت فیلوژنتیک قوم کرد. 96
5-10. فاصله ژنتیکی درون جمعیت یزد. 97
5-11. فاصله ژنتیکی درون جمعیت کرد. 97
فصل6 98
نتایج و پیشنهادات 98
6-1. نتیجه گیری… 99
6-2. پیشنهادات…. 99
فصل7 100
منابع 100
Abstract 106
فهرست اشکال
عنوان |
صفحه |
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شکل 1-2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
شکل 1-3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
شکل 1-4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
شکل 1-5………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
شکل 1-6…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………14
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شکل 1-8…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
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شکل 1-11……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
شکل 1-12……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
شکل 1-13……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
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شکل 3-1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………60
شکل 4-1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
شکل4-2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
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شکل5-4………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….95
شکل 5-5…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………96
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