بررسي سطوح مختلف سولفات پتاسيم و سوپر جاذب بر عملكرد و اجزاءعملكرد گندم ديم در ناحيه بويراحمد

 

فهرست مطالب

 

 

عنوان                                                                                                 صفحه

چكيده                                                                                                                        1

فصل اول – مقدمه و كليات                                                                                          3                       

1-1-اهميت و موقعيت گندم در ايران و جهان                                                           6

1-1-2-تاريخچه و مبدا                                                                                      6

1-1-3- طبقه بندي- مركز اوليه ژنتيكي و موطن گندم                                               7

1-1-3-1-گندمهاي تك دانه                                                                               7

1-1-3-2- گندمهاي جفت دانه                                                                            8

1-1-3-3- گندمهاي معمولي                                                                              8

1-1-4-فنولوژي و رشد ونمو گندم                                                                        9

1-1-4-1-مرحله جوانه زني                                                                                9

1-1-4-2-مرحله پنجه زني                                                                                 9

1-1-4-3-مرحله ساقه دهي                                                                               11

1-1-4-4-مرحله سنبله دهي                                                                              11

1-1-4-5-مرحله گل دهي                                                                                 11

1-1-4-6- مرحله رسيدن                                                                                  12

1-1-4-6-1-مرحله شيري                                                                                12

1-1-4-6-2-مرحله خميري                                                                               13

1-1-4-6-3-مرحله نيمه سفت                                                                           13

1-1-4-6-4-مرحله رسيدن اجباري                                                                      13

1-2-كود در زراعت ديم                                                                                    13

1-2-1-كودهاي آلي يا  طبيعي                                                                           14

1-2-2-كودهاي معدني يا شيميايي                                                                      14

1- 3-انواع و زمان مصرف كود شيميايي در زراعت ديم                                               14

1-3-1-كودهاي فسفاته                                                                                    15

1-3-2-كودهاي ازته                                                                                        15

1-4- پتاسيم در گياه                                                                                 15

1-4-1-پتاسيم در فيزيولوژي گياه                                                                 16

1-4-2-فعال شدن آنزيمها                                                                          16

1-4-3-متابوليسم مواد هيدرو كربن                                                               16

1-4-4-ساختن پروتئين                                                                             16

1-4-5-فتوسنتز                                                                                      17

1-4-6-تنظيم اسمزي                                                                               17

1-4-7-بزرگ شدن سلول                                                                          17

1-4-8-تقسيم سلولي و رشد                                                                       17

1-4-9-باز و بسته شدن روزنه ها                                                                  18

1-4-10- نقش هاي ديگر پتاسيم در گياه                                                       18

1-5-كمبود پتاسيم در گياه                                                                         18

1-6- ديمكاري در ايران                                                                             19

1-6-1- اهميت و ضرورت ديم كاري                                                             19

1-6-2- زراعت غلات ديم در ايران                                                               19

1-6-3- تاريخچه ديمكاري در جهان                                                            21

1-6-4- مسائل اصلي زراعت ديم در ايران                                                      21

1-7- ذخيره سازي رطوبت در خاكهاي ديم                                                    22

1-7- 1-  آب در مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك                                                 23

1-7-2- اهميت آب                                                                                 23

1-7-3- حفاظت آب                                                                                23

1-7-4- ذخيره و افزايش رطوبت در خاك                                                      24

1-8- مصرف آب در گياهان ديم                                                                  24

1-9- عملكرد اقتصادي                                                                             25

1-10- صفات مطلوب در ارقام ديم                                                               25

1-10-1- قدرت جوانه زني                                                                         26

1-10-2- بلندي گياه                                                                               26

1-10-3- طول كلئوپتيل                                                                          26

1-10-4- زود رسي                                                                                 26

1-10-5- وجود ريشك و كرك                                                                        27

1-10-6- پنجه زني                                                                                      27

1-10-7- مقاومت به خشكي                                                                           27

1-10-8- مقاومت در برابر ريزش                                                                      27

1-10-9- مقاومت به گرما وسرما                                                                      27

1-10-11- ارزش نانوايي                                                                                28

1-11- تاريخ كشت در ديم زارها                                                                      28

1-12- سوپر جاذب ها در كشاورزي                                                                  28

1-13- اهداف                                                                                             29

1-14-  فرضيات                                                                                         29

فصل دوم – بررسي منابع                                                                                      30

فصل سوم- مواد وروشها                                                                                       36

3-1- نوع طرح و تيمارهاي آزمايش                                                                   37

3-2- مشخصات پليمر مورد استفاده                                                                  37

3-3- مشخصات آب و هواي منطقه                                                                   38

3-4- خصوصيات خاك محل آزمايش                                                                40

3-5- مشخصات گندم سرداري                                                                        41

3-6- عمليات زراعي                                                                                     41

3-6-1- عمليات آماده سازي زمين                                                                   41

3-6-2- عمليات داشت                                                                                 42

3-6-2-1-كود دهي                                                                                     42

3-6-2-2- مبارزه با علفهاي هرز                                                                      42

3-6-2-3- مبارزه با آفات و بيماريها                                                                  43

3-7- عمليات برداشت                                                                                  43

3-8- محاسبات آماري                                                                                  43

3-9- اندازه گيريها                                                                                       44

3-9-1- اندازه گيري تعداد پنجه                                                                      44

3-9-2- اندازه گيري طول خوشه                                                                     44

3-9-3- اندازه گيري ارتفاع ساقه                                                                     44

3-9-4- اندازه گيري تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح                                                44

3-9-5- اندازه گيري تعداد دانه در سنبله                                                         44

3-9-6- اندازه گيري تعداد دانه در واحد سطح                                                   44

3-9-7- اندازه گيري وزن هزار دانه                                                                45

3-9-8- اندازه گيري عملكرد اقتصادي                                                            45

3-9-9- اندازه گيري عملكرد بيولوژيك                                                           45

3-9-10- اندازه گيري شاخص برداشت                                                           45

3-9-11- اندازه گيري رطوبت بعد از برداشت                                                        45

فصل چهارم : نتايج و  بحث                                                                                46

4-1- بحث و بررسي نتايج                                                                           47

4-1- 1 – تعداد پنجه ها                                                                             47

4-1-2- وزن هزار دانه                                                                               48

4-1-3- طول سنبله                                                                                  53

4-1-4 – ارتفاع بوته                                                                                  56

4-1-5- تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح                                                               61

4-1-6- تعداد دانه در سنبله                                                                        66

4-1-7- تعداد دانه در واحد سطح                                                                 71

4- 1-8 – عملكرد دانه ( اقتصادي)                                                                76

4-1-9- عملكرد بيولوژيك                                                                          81

4-1-10- شاخص برداشت                                                                          86

4-1-11- درصد رطو بت خاك بعد از برداشت                                                  91

4-2- بحث و نتيجه گيري                                                                                     96

4-3- پيشنهادات                                                                                                                                   98

                                                                                                   

 

 

 

 

 

فهرست جداول                                                                                                صفحه

جدول شماره 3-3-1                                                                                     38

جدول شماره 3-3-2                                                                                     38

جدول شماره 3-3-3                                                                                     39

جدول شماره 3-4                                                                                        40

 جدول شماره 3-5                                                                                       41

جدول شماره 4-1-1- الف                                                                              47

جدول شماره 4-1-1- ب                                                                               49

جدول شماره 4-1-2- الف                                                                             50

جدول شماره 4-1-2- ب                                                                              52

جدول شماره 4-1-3- الف                                                                             53

جدول شماره 4-1-3- ب                                                                              55

جدول شماره 4-1-4- الف                                                                            56

جدول شماره 4-1-4- ب                                                                              60

جدول شماره 4-1-5- الف                                                                            61

جدول شماره 4-1-5- ب                                                                              65

جدول شماره 4-1-6- الف                                                                            66

جدول شماره 4-1-6- ب                                                                             70

جدول شماره 4-1-7- الف                                                                            71

جدول شماره 4-1-7- ب                                                                             75

جدول شماره 4-1-8- الف                                                                            76

جدول شماره 4-1-8- ب                                                                             80

جدول شماره 4-1-9- الف                                                                           81

جدول شماره 4-1-9- ب                                                                             85

جدول شماره 4-1-10- الف                                                                          86

جدول شماره 4-1-10- ب                                                                          90

جدول شماره 4-1-11- الف                                                                         91

جدول شماره 4-1-11- ب                                                                           95

جدول شماره 4-2                                                                                     96

فهرست نمودارها                                                                                           صفحه

نمودار شماره 4-1-1-                                                                                       48

نمودار شماره 4-1-2-                                                                                       51

نمودار شماره 4-1-3-                                                                                       54

نمودار شماره 4-1-4-1                                                                                     57

نمودار شماره 4-1-4-2                                                                                     58

نمودار شماره 4-1-4-3                                                                                     59

نمودار شماره 4-1-5-1                                                                                      62

نمودار شماره 4-1-5-2                                                                                      63

نمودار شماره 4-1-5-3                                                                                      64

نمودار شماره 4-1-6-1                                                                                      67

نمودار شماره 4-1-6-2                                                                                      68

نمودار شماره 4-1-6-3                                                                                      69

نمودار شماره 4-1-7-1                                                                                      72

نمودار شماره 4-1-7-2                                                                                      73

نمودار شماره 4-1-7-3                                                                                     74

نمودار شماره 4-1-8-1                                                                                     77              

نمودار شماره 4-1-8-2                                                                                     78

نمودار شماره 4-1-8-3                                                                                     79

نمودار شماره 4-1-9-1                                                                                     82

نمودار شماره 4-1-9-2                                                                                     83

نمودار شماره 4-1-9-3                                                                                     84

نمودار شماره 4-1-10-1                                                                                   87

نمودار شماره 4-1-10-2                                                                                   88

نمودار شماره 4-1-10-3                                                                                   89

نمودار شماره 4-1-11-1                                                                                   92  

نمودار شماره 4-1-11-2                                                                                   93

نمودار شماره 4-1-11-3                                                                                   94