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دانلود پروژه: آناليز نگهداري بتني تونل­هاي غيردايروي با استفاده از توابع پتانسيل مختلط

تعداد 109صفحه در فایل word

دکتري رشته مهندسي معدن گرايش مکانيک­سنگ

آناليز نگهداري بتني تونل­هاي غيردايروي با استفاده از توابع پتانسيل مختلط

 

چکيده

در اين رساله راه­حلي تحليلي بمنظور تحليل تنش و جابجايي در تونل­هاي غيردايروي همراه با لاينينگ بتني تحت تنش برجاي زمين، فشار آب زيرزميني و فشار آب داخل تونل، در شرايط کرنش صفحه­اي، ارائه شد. فرض شد که توده­سنگ و بتن، همگن، ايزوتروپ و داراي رفتار الاستيک خطي هستند، و همچنين فشار ناشي از آب زيرزميني فشار هيدروستاتيک مي­باشد. بعلت پيچيدگي مسئله براي شکل غيردايروي تونل و وجود لايه بتن نگهداري، از توابع پتانسيل مختلط بهمراه نگاشت همديس بمنظور حل مسئله استفاده گرديد. نتايج راه­حل ارائه شده در دو حالت وجود و عدم وجود آب با نتايج مدلسازي عددي صورت گرفته با نرم­افزار اجزا محدود آباکوس از طريق چند مثال مقايسه گرديدکه همگرايي خوبي را از خود نشان دادند، تنها در گوشه­ها بطور معمول اين همگرايي کمتر بود. سعي گرديد تا براي تونل­هاي آب که تحت فشار آب داخلي و يا خارجي بالا قرار دارند راه­حل ساده­سازي شده و مسئله تحت فشار ثابت داخلي و يا خارجي حل شود. سپس ميزان همگرايي راه­حل ارائه شده بر حسب تعداد جملات سري­هاي جواب از طريق چند مثال مورد بررسي قرار گرفت و مشخص شد که هرچه خصوصيات الاستيک دو محيط به يکديگر نزديکتر باشد همگرايي سريعتر اتفاق مي­افتد. در نهايت آناليز حساسيتي بر روي پارامتر­هاي طراحي لاينينگ صورت گرفت و مشخص گرديد با افزايش سختي نسبي مقدار تمرکز تنش مماسي در تونل­هاي دايره­اي شکل و نعل­اسبي، در سقف و ديواره در بتن افزايش مي­يابد. تمرکز تنش مماسي در سنگ نيز در سقف کاهش و در ديواره در حالت کلي اندکي افزايش مي­يابد. در انتها پيشنهاد شد که از طراحي لاينينگ با ضخامت نسبي کمتر از 05/0، در سختي­هاي بالاي بتن، اجتناب گردد.

کلمات کليدي: تونل غيردايروي، کرنش صفحه­اي، توابع پتانسيل مختلط، نگاشت همديس

 

 

 

فهرست مطالب

چکيده. ‌و

فهرست مطالب. ‌ز

فهرست شکل­ها. ‌ي

فهرست جداول. ن

1- فصل اول: مقدمه . 1

1-1- بيان مسئله. 1

1-2- ضرورت انجام تحقيق. 4

1-3- تاريخچه تحقيق. 4

2- فصل دوم: کاربرد متغيرهاي مختلط در تئوري الاستيسيته خطي   7

2-1- کليات. 7

2-2- تابع تنش. 7

2-3- تعيين جابجايي­ها با استفاده از تابع تنش. 9

2-4- نمايش مختلط تابع تنش. 11

2-5- نمايش مختلط تنش­ها و جابجايي­ها. 12

2-6- دوران محورهاي مختصات. 13

2-7- محاسبه ميدان تنش در اطراف حفره دايره­اي شکل در صفحه بينهايت   14

2-8- محاسبه ميدان تنش در اطراف بيضي. 16

2-9- محاسبه ميدان تنش براي حفره دايره­اي شکل نگهداري شده درصفحه بينهايت   19

2-10- نتيجه­گيري. 23

3- فصل سوم: تونل غيردايروي همراه با لاينينگ بتني. 24

3-1- کليات . 24

3-2- فرضيات کلي. 25

3-3- حل مساله . 27

3-3-1- تحليل تنش تونل و لاينينگ بتني تحت فشار زمين   27

شرايط مرزي و استخراج معادلات. 27

تشکيل دستگاه معادلات. 41

3-3-2- تحليل تنش تونل و لاينينگ بتني تحت فشار آب زير زميني   47

3-3-3- تحليل تنش تونل و لاينينگ بتني تحت فشار آب داخلي   53

3-4- نتيجه­گيري. 56

4- فصل چهارم: ارزيابي و بررسي همگرايي راه­حل تحليلي. 57

4-1- کليات. 57

4-2- مقايسه راه­حل ارائه شده و نتايج نرم افزار اجزا محدود آباکوس بدون حضور آب   57

4-3- مقايسه راه­حل ارائه شده و نتايج نرم افزار اجزا محدود آباکوس با وجود آب   65

4-4- ساده­سازي راه­حل ارائه شده براي تونل­هاي فشار آب   70

4-5- ميزان همگرايي راه­حل تحليلي. 72

4-6- نتيجه­گيري. 77

5- فصل پنجم: تحليل تونل­هاي دايروي و نعل­اسبي نسبت به پارامترهاي طراحي   79

5-1- کليات. 79

5-2- تونل با مقطع دايره­اي شکل. 79

5-2-1- آناليز حساسيت نسبت به ضخامت و سختي نسبي. 80

5-2-2- آناليز حساسيت نسبت به نسبت تنش. 82

5-3- تونل با مقطع غيردايروي. 86

5-3-1- آناليز حساسيت نسبت به ضخامت و سختي نسبي. 87

5-3-2- آناليز حساسيت نسبت به نسبت تنش. 93

5-4- مقايسه ميان مقاطع دايره­اي و نعل اسبي در نقاط کليدي   97

5-5- نتيجه­گيري. 98

6- فصل ششم: نتايج و پيشنهادات. 99

6-1- نتايج. 99

6-2- پيشنهادات. 101

فهرست منابع. 102

فهرست شکل­ها

شکل2-1: مولفه­هاي تنش موثر در المان مکعبي شکل در حالت تنش صفحه­اي   8

شکل 2-2: تونل دايروي حفر شده در توده­سنگ. 14

شکل 2-3: تصوير حفره بيضوي شکل به دايره با شعاع واحد   17

شکل2-4: تونل دايروي حفر شده در توده­سنگ همراه با نگهداري   20

شکل 3-1: تونل آب غيردايروي همراه با پوشش بتني در زير سطح آب زيرزميني. 24

شکل 3-2: تصوير تونل غيردايروي همراه با لاينينگ به دو دايره متحدالمرکز. 25

شکل 4-1: مقطع عرضي تونل 1 الف) قبل از نگاشت ب) بعد از نگاشت   58

شکل 4-2: مقطع عرضي تونل 2 الف) قبل از نگاشت ب) بعد از نگاشت   58

شکل 4-3: مقطع عرضي تونل 3 الف) قبل از نگاشت ب) بعد از نگاشت   59

شکل 4-4: الف و ب) شبکه مشبندي در نرم­افزار اجزا محدود آباکوس و ج) تنش اصلي حداکثر در اطراف گوشه تونل. 60

شکل 4-5: تنش مماسي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي الف) سري داده 1، ب) سري داده 2 و ج) سري داده 3.. 61

شکل 4-6: تنش الف) نرمال و ب) برشي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي سري داده 1   62

شکل 4-7: تنش الف) نرمال و ب) برشي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي سري داده 2   62

شکل 4-8: تنش الف) نرمال و ب) برشي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي سري داده 3   63

شکل 4-9: تنش مماسي در فصل مشترک بتن-سنگ براي داده 1، بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس  الف) در بتن و ب) در سنگ   63

شکل 4-10: تنش مماسي در فصل مشترک بتن-سنگ براي داده 2،  بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس  الف) در بتن و ب) در سنگ   64

شکل 4-11: تنش مماسي در فصل مشترک بتن-سنگ براي داده 3،  بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس  الف) در بتن و ب) در سنگ   64

شکل 4-12: جابجايي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي الف) سري داده 1، ب) سري داده 2 و ج) سري داده 3.. 65

شکل 4-13: الف) شبکه مشبندي در نرم­افزار اجزا محدود آباکوس و ب) تنش اصلي حداکثر در اطراف تونل. 67

شکل 4-14: تنش مماسي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس. 67

شکل 4-15: تنش الف) نرمال و ب) برشي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس براي سري داده 2   68

شکل 4-16: تنش مماسي در فصل مشترک بتن-سنگ، در بتن، بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس. 69

شکل 4-17: تنش مماسي در فصل مشترک بتن-سنگ، در سنگ، بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس. 69

شکل 4-18: جابجايي در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني، بدست آمده توسط روش تحليلي و نرم­افزار آباکوس. 70

شکل 4-19: متوسط خطاي نسبي، بدست آمده از توزيع يکنواخت و غيريکنواخت فشار آب، بر حسب هد نسبي فشار آب براي فشار آب زيرزميني. 71

شکل 4-20: متوسط خطاي نسبي، بدست آمده از توزيع يکنواخت و غيريکنواخت فشار آب، بر حسب هد نسبي فشار آب براي فشار آب داخلي   72

شکل 4-21: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي  بر حسب تعداد جملات  براي الف) سري داده 1، ب) سري داده 2 و ج) سري داده 3.   76

شکل 4-22: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي  بر حسب تعداد جملات  براي الف) سري داده 1، ب) سري داده 2 و ج) سري داده 3.   77

شکل 5-1: تونل دايره­اي شکل همراه با پوشش بتني تحت شرايط تنش اوليه. 80

شکل 5-2: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل با مقطع دايره­اي شکل. 81

شکل5-3: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در ديواره  در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل با مقطع دايره­اي شکل. 81

شکل 5-4: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع دايره­اي شکل. 82

شکل 5-5: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در ديواره در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع دايره­اي شکل. 82

شکل 5-6: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي بر حسب ضخامت نسبي در نسبت فشارهاي مختلف و سختي نسبي­هاي متفاوت در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني در الف، ب، ج) سقف و د،ه،و) ديواره. 84

شکل 5-7: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي بر حسب ضخامت نسبي در نسبت فشارهاي مختلف و سختي نسبي­هاي متفاوت در ديواره سنگي در الف، ب، ج) سقف و د،ه،و) ديواره. 86

شکل 5-8: شکل مقطع تونل نعل اسبي. 87

شکل  5-9: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار زمين. 88

شکل 5-10: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق  در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل  با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار زمين. 88

شکل 5-11: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل اسبي تحت فشار زمين   89

شکل 5-12: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار زمين   89

شکل 5-13: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي  تحت فشار آب زيرزميني. 90

شکل 5-14: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق  در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل  با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب زيرزميني   90

شکل 5-15: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب زيرزميني   91

شکل 5-16: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب زيرزميني. 91

شکل 5-17: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل  با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب داخلي. 92

شکل 5-18: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق  در مرز داخلي بتن براي تونل  با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب داخلي. 92

شکل 5-19: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در سقف در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب داخلي   93

شکل 5-20: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي در پاطاق در فصل مشترک بتن سنگ در داخل سنگ براي تونل با مقطع نعل­اسبي تحت فشار آب داخلي. 93

شکل 5-21: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي بر حسب ضخامت نسبي در نسبت فشارهاي مختلف و سختي نسبي­هاي متفاوت در مرز داخلي ديواره بتني در الف، ب، ج) سقف و د،ه،و) پاطاق. 95

شکل 5-22: تغييرات فاکتور تمرکز تنش مماسي بر حسب ضخامت نسبي در نسبت فشارهاي مختلف و سختي نسبي­هاي متفاوت در ديواره سنگي در الف، ب، ج) سقف و د،ه،و) پاطاق. 97

فهرست جداول

جدول 4-1: داده­هاي ورودي. 57

جدول 4-2: ثوابت تابع نگاشت همديس مربوط به سري داده­هاي 1، 2 و 3   59

جدول 4-3: داده­هاي ورودي. 66

جدول 4-4: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 1 (). 73

جدول 4-5: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 2 (). 73

جدول 4-6: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 3 (). 74

جدول 4-7: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 1 (). 74

جدول 4-8: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 2 (). 75

جدول 4-9: متوسط قدرمطلق خطاي نسبي تخمين تنش مماسي برحسب تعداد جملات سري  براي سري داده 3 (). 75

جدول 5-1: ثوابت تابع نگاشت همديس مربوط به شکل 5-8   86

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